User Engagement With Smartphone Apps and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Outcomes: Systematic Review

Erin M Spaulding   ^{1, 2} , PhD, BSN ;   Francoise A Marvel   ^{3, 4} , MD ;   Rebecca J Piasecki   ¹ , BSN ;   Seth S Martin   ^{2, 3, 4, 5, 6} , MD, MHS ;   Jerilyn K Allen   ^{1, 4, 6} , SCD, MS, FAAN

¹ Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States

² The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States

³ Digital Health Innovation Laboratory, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States

⁴ Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States

⁵ Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, United States

⁶ Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States